Plant-based production can result in covalent cross-linking of proteins.

Antibodies, antigens, enzymes for replacement therapies and virus-like particles (VLPs) have all been produced successfully in plants as part of the concept of “Molecular Farming” (Lomonossoff and D’Aoust, 2016). There have been several differences noted between plant-expressed proteins and their equivalents produced in other systems, such as CHO cells, particularly regarding their glycosylation.